Prenatal and Postpartum Maternal Iodide Intake from Diet and Supplements, Urinary Iodine and Thyroid Hormone Concentrations in a Region of the United Kingdom with Mild-to-Moderate Iodine Deficiency

Iodine is essential for normal thyroid function, supporting healthy fetal and child development. requirements increase in pregnancy, but many women regions without salt iodization have insufficient intakes. We explored associations between iodide intake urinary iodine concentration (UIC), iodine/creatinine ratio (I/Cr), stimulating hormone, thyroglobulin, free triiodothyronine, thyroxine palpable goiter a region of mild-to-moderate insufficiency. A total 246 pregnant aged 18–40 Bradford, UK, joined the Health Babies (Hiba) study. They provided detailed information on diet supplement use, urine serum samples were assessed at around 12, 26 36 weeks’ gestation, 6, 18 30 weeks postpartum. Dietary from food drink was estimated using six 24 h recalls. During median (IQR) dietary 101 µg/day (54, 142), with 42% dairy 9% white fish. Including supplements, 143 (94, 196), 49% < UK reference nutrient (140 µg/day). Women Pakistani heritage had 129 (87, 190) intake. Total during pregnancy associated 4% (95% CI: 1%, 7%) higher UIC, 5% (3%, I/Cr, (2%, 6%) lower thyroglobulin 21% (9%, 32%) odds per 50 µg/day. This cohort consumed less than World Organization recommendations. I/Cr Higher fewer goiters. Because dominant source iodide, following plant-based or low-dairy diets may be particular risk